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Citing Sources

Citation help and tools for citing sources/managing citations

How to Format Footnotes in Chicago/Turabian

Footnote Patterns & Elements

While there are numerous citation methods, each method follows a set of basic patterns, elements, and punctuation.  Learning the basic patterns will help you reliably format footnotes even when you come upon unusual sources.

Below are the basic patterns, elements, and punctuation for formatting Turabian style footnotes for a book and an online article.

book elements slideonline article elements slide

Shortened Footnotes

In most cases, you will include a complete footnote the first time you cite a work and then a short form of the footnote for any subsequent citations from the same work. At CDU, you are expected to use the author-title form for shortened notes. Complete instructions for short form notes can be found in section 16.4 of the Turabian: A Manual for Writers 8th edition or Sections 14.29-14.33 of the Chicago Manual of Style Online.

book short note slideonline article short note slide

CAUTION! When you downloaded a citation from your source, the download is formatted for your bibliography, not your footnote. Please use the Quick Guides to see examples of how to properly format each.

Use the Citation Quick Guides located in the left-hand column to see more examples of how to format your footnotes & short notes using the Chicago/Turabian Notes & Bibliography method.

REMINDER! Directions from your teacher, instructor, or dissertation office overrule these guidelines. For more details and examples, see Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Turabian.org) or The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicagomanualofstyle.org). © 2018 University of Chicago.